Quality of Raw Milk Supplied to Organized Milk Collection Centers of Western Chitwan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18034/ra.v4i1.300Keywords:
Fat, SNF, Protein, Electrical Conductivity, AdulteratioAbstract
An experiment was undertaken at Bijaya milk production cooperative Ltd, Chitwan and its milk shed command area of western Chitwan covering a period from 2nd February to 2nd May, 2012. The study was accomplished in two phases viz. field survey and laboratory analysis with lactoscan and adulteration test. The survey findings revealed that most of the farmers (95%) knew the basic importance and the procedures to be adopted for quality milk production however they were lacking putting them into practice. Majority of farms (78.75%) used maize and bran as principal ingredients of concentrate. Most of the farms (81.25%) supplied green throughout the year and there 90% farms maintained their animals under stall feeding. Less than fifty percent farmers (43.75%) practiced hand washing with soap before milking and rest (56.25%) washed their hands by common water only. Majority of farmers (83.75%) practiced udder washing by water only. Laboratory analyses were carried out by taking 128 raw milk samples fortnightly from different MCCs in order to analyse fat, SNF, protein, electrical conductivity, sp. gravity and water. Sixty four samples from Bijayanagar, Gadhi, Saranpur, Chowki, Haraiya, Narayanchowk, Shantichowk and Bangai were considered for the study of adulteration by substances like sugar, salt, starch, neutralizer, urea etc. The data indicated that 1.56 and 3.12; 3.12 and 3.12; 3.12 and 3.12; 1.56 and 1.56; 1.56 and 3.12 percent for salt and sugar respectively for the MCC Bijayanagar, Gadhi, Saranpur, Chowki and Bangai. However, the values of 4.68% for sugar and 1.56% of the samples were adulterated by salt respectively for Haraiya and Narayanchowk. None of the samples were adulterated with any substances in Shantichowk. As a whole, none of the MCC showed any other adulterants. The highest and the lowest values for fat, SNF, protein, conductivity, specific gravity and water content location wise were Chowki and Bijayanagar; Saranpur and Haraiya; Bijayanagar and chowki and Bijayanagar and Saranpur respectively. Rest of the location indicated the values within these. Similarly, period wise, highest and lowest values for fat, SNF, protein, conductivity and water content were 3rd and 7th; 7th and 4th; 7th and 4th; 7th and 1st; 7th and 4th; 4th and 3rd fortnight respectively. The result obtained from the study on the quality of raw milk from different places of western Chitwan indicated that the current situation need improvement from adulteration point of view as most of the samples were adulterated from salt and sugar. However, none of the samples were found to be adulterated by starch, neutralizer and urea.
Downloads
References
Banerjee, G. C. (1998). A textbook of animal husbandary. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, India. Pp. 380-677.
Barrett, M. A. and Larkin. P. J. (1977). Milk and beef production in the tropics. The English Language Book Society and Oxford University Press. pp. 154-156.
Batra, T. R. and Allister. M. (1984). A comparison of mastitis detection methods in dairy cattle. Can.J.Anim.Sci. 64: 305-312
Berg, JCT. (1988).Dairy Technology in the Tropics and Subtropics. Pudoc. Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands. ISBN 90-220-0927-0
Bille, P.G., Haradoeb, BRand Shigwedha.N.(2009). Evaluation of chemical and bacteriological quality of raw milk from neudamm dairy farm in namibia. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. Volume 9 No. 7.
Bille, P.G., Vovor., M.N Goreseb ,J. and Keya.EL (2000).Evaluating the possibility of adding value to goat’s milk by producing yoghurt using low cost technology method for rural Namibia. The J. Food Tech in Africa;5: 130-144.
Bonfoh, B., Wasem., A. Traore., A. N. Fane., A. Spillmann., H. Simbe., C. F. Alfaroukh., J. Nicolet., I. O. Farah Z.and Zinsstag. J. (2003). Microbiological quality of cow’s milk taken at different intervals from the udder to the selling point in Bamako (Mali). Food Control, 14: 495-500
Bramley, A. J. and McKinnon. C. H. (1990). The microbiology of raw milk. In: Dairy Microbiology, Vol. 1. R. K. Robinson (ed.). Elsevier Science Publishers, London. pp.208
CBS. (2001). Statistical Year Book of Nepal, Central Bureau of Statistics, His Majesty’s Government, National Planning Commision Secretariat, Kathmandu, Nepal.
CBS. (2004). Statistical Pocket Book of Nepal 2004. Kathmandu, Nepal: His Majesty’s Government of Nepal. pp.1, 39.
Cousins, C.M and Bramley.A.J (1981).The Microbiology of Raw Milk. In: Robinson RK (Eds.), Dairy Microbiology Vol. 1, Applied Science Publishers, UK:119-163.
Dairy Development Corporation. (2004). Annual Report 2003/004. Dairy Sales Counter, Lainchaur, Kathmandu.
Demeyer, D and Doreau.M. (1999).Targets and procedures for altering ruminant meat and milk lipids. In:Proceedings of the nutrition society,France.pp.593-607.
Dhakal, I. P. (2005). Electrical conductivity in buffalo milk. Research article. The blue cross; 2-5.
DLSO. (2006). Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. District Livestock Service Office, Chitwan. Yearly Progress Report of DLSO, 2062/63. Chitwan.
Harding, F. (1999). Milk quality. Chapman and Hall Food Science Book, Aspen Publishers, Inc. Gaithersburg, Maryland, Aspan, first edition.
Harding, F.; 1995. Milk quality (1st ed.). Chapman and Hall, London.
Harris, B. and Bachman. K. C. (2003). Affecting Solids-Not-Fat, Acidity and Freezing Point of Milk. Florida Cooperative Extension Service. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.
Hinrichs, J.(2004). Mediterranean milk and milk products. Review. Eur J Nutr. 2004 Mar; 43 Suppl1(I): 12-17.
HMG/TLDP. (2002). Annual Reports. His Majesty’s Government Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Department of Livestock Services: Third Livestock Development Project Hariharbhawan, Lalitpur, Nepal
Husmark, G.J. and Ronner, U.; 1(990) Forces involved in adhesion of Bacillus cereus spores to solid surfaces under different environmental conditions. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 69 (4): 557-562.
International Dairy Federation, (1996). Symposium on: Bacteriological quality of milk. International Dairy Federation, Brussels.
Javaid, S. B., Gadahi, J. A.Khaskeli, M.Bhutto, M. B. Kumbher S.and Panhwar. A H. (2009).Physical and chemical quality of market milk sold at tandojam, Pakistan. Pakistan Vet. J., 29(1): 27-31.
Jayarao, B. M., Pillai, S. R. Wolfgang,D. R.Burns ,C. M and Hutchinson. L. J. (2004). Bacteriological quality of bulk tank milk in Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania state University. University Park, PA.
Jenness, R. and Patton. S. (1959). Principles of Dairy Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.105p.
Kelsey, J.A., Corl,B.A..Coolier R.J and Bauman.D.E. (2003). The stage of breed, parity, and stage of lactation on conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA)in milk fat from dairy cows. Journal of dairy science 86:2588-2597.
Kitchen, B. J. (1980). Review of the progress of Dairy Science: Bovine mastitis: milk compositional changes and related diagnostic tests. J. Dairy Res. 48:167–18828:427.
Srisomboon. J. (2006). Determination of essential nutrients in raw milk Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol., 28(Suppl. 1): 115
Bastola: Quality of Raw Milk Supplied to Organized Milk Collection Centers of Western Chitwan (Page 1-56)
Klopcic, M.,S. Malovrh., G. Gorjanc., M. Kovac and Osterc, J. (2003). Prediction of Daily Milk Fat and Protein Content Using Alternating (AT) Recording Scheme. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 48(11):449-458.
Landmark-Mansson H., Fonden R.and. Petterson .H.E (2003). Composition of Swedish dairy milk. Intnl. Dairy J. 13, 409-425. 18. Najdenova N and Dimitrov T Technological
LateefM., Faraz,A.. Mustafa, M. I. Akhtar P and Bashir M. K. (2009).Detection of Adulterants and Chemical Composition of Milk Supplied to Canteens of Various Hospitals in Faisalabad City.Pakistan J. Zool. Suppl. Ser., No.9, pp. 139-142,
Lingathurai S., Vellathurai1, P. Ezil Vendan S. and Alwin Prem AnandA. (2009). A comparative study on the microbiological and chemical composition of cow milk from different locations in Madurai, Tamil Nadu. Indian Journal of Science and Technology Vol.2 No 2.
Lues, J. F. Venter R., P. and Van der Westhuizen.. H. (2003). Enumeration of potential microbiological hazards in milk from a marginal urban settlement in central South Africa. Food Microbiology, 20: 321-326.
Ma, Y., C. Ryan, Barbano, D. M. Galton,D. M. Rudan M. A and Boor.K. J. (2000). Effects of somatic cell count on quality and shelf-life of pasteurized fluid milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 83:264–274
Mahboba, I.A. Ahmed and Ibtisam E.M. El Zubeir. (2007) .The Compositional Quality of Raw Milk Produced by Some Dairy Cow’s Farms in Khartoum State, Sudan. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 3(6): 902-906.
Marshall RT.(1982).Relationship between the bacteriological quality for raw milk and the final products. A review of basic information and practical aspects. Kieler Milchwirtchaftliche Forschungsberichte.34: 149-157.
Mathur, B.N., Rao K. V. S. S. and Thompkison. D. K. (1998). Current trends in dairy processing. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 68:849-850
MoAC, (2007). Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. Statistical information on Nepalese agriculture 2006-2007. Agribusiness Promotion and Statistics Division. Singh Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal.
MoAC. (2005) Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative. Statistical information on Nepalese Agriculture 2004-2005. Agri-business Promotion and Statistics Division Singha Darbar, Kathmandu Nepal
Muir, DD., Griffiths., W.M.. Phillips., J.D Sweetsur AWM and IG.(1986). West Effect of bacterial quality of raw milk on bacterial quality and some other properties of low heat and high-heat dried milk. J. Soc. Dairy Technol. 39: 115-118.
Muir, D.D. (1996). The Shelf-life of Dairy Products: 1. Factors Influencing Raw Milk and Fresh Products. J. of the Society of Dairy Technology. 49(1)
Murphy, S.C. and Boor. K.J. (2000). Trouble-shooting sources and causes of high bacteria counts in milk. Dairy Food Environ. Sanit., 20: 606-611.
Nakao. (1995). Possibilities of increasing Milk and Calf Production in Cattle and Buffaloes in Chitwan by improvement of Reproductive Management. Seminar Presented in IAAS, Rampur, Chitwan, January 9, 2005. Nepal Gazette. 2000. Khanda 42, No. 42, Part 3.
Nickerson, S.C. (1999). Milk production: Factors affecting milk composition. In: Milk quality, edited by Harding, F. Aspen Publishers, Inc. Gaithersburg, Maryland, Aspan, first edition., pp: 3-23.
Noordhuizen, J. P. T. M. and Metz. J. H. M. (2005). Quality control on dairy farms with emphasis on public health, food safety, animal health and welfare. Livestock Production Science, 94: 51–59.
Bastola: Quality of Raw Milk Supplied to Organized Milk Collection Centers of Western Chitwan (Page 1-56)
Pape-Zambito, D.A.,. MagliaroA.L and. Kensinger, R.S (2007). Concentrations of betaestradiol in Holstein whole milk. J Dairy Sci., 90(7): 3308-3313.
Pennington, J.A. (2008). Factors Affecting Fat Percent in Milk of Lactating Cows. Available on: http://www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/PDF/FSA-4014.pdf (accessed on Oct 2008)
Prakash, M., Rajasekar K. and. Karmegam.N(2007). Bacterial population of raw milk and their proteolytic and lipolytic activities. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences. 3: 848-851.
Reinemann, D. J., Graeme A. Mein, David R. Bray, David Reid, and Jenks S. Britt. (1997). Troubleshooting high bacteria counts in farm milk. In: Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council. Madison USA. 1997
Sargeant, J. M.,. Shoukri, M. M. Martin,S. W. Leslie K. E and Lissemore. K. D. (1998). Investigating potential risk factors for seasonal variation: an example using graphical and spectral analysis methods based on the production of milk components in dairy cattle, Preventive Veterinary Medicine 36: 167-178.
Schalm, O. W. and Noorlander.D. O. (1957). Experiments and observations leading to development of California mastitis test. J Am. Vet. Med.Ass.130: 199-204
Schultz, L. H. (1977). Effect of mastitis on fat composition and quality. J. Food Protection. :125
Srairi, M. T., Moudnib, J.. Rahho L and Hamama. A. (2006). How do milking conditions affect the hygienic quality of raw milk? Case study from Moroccan dairy farms. Livestock Reasearch for Rural Development 18(17): 1-9.
Stewart, T. H.(1978). In: Stewart, T. H. (ed.). An introduction to public health, Butterworths, Durban.
Tamime, A.Y. (2007). Structure of Dairy Products. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Ames, IA.
Tolle, A. (1980). The microflora of the udder. In: Factors influencing the bacteriological quality of raw milk. International Dairy Federation Bulletin, Document 120. 4 p.
Tulachan, P.M. & Neupane. A.(1999). Livestock in Mixed Farming System of the Hindukush Himalayas. Trends and Sustainability, International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu, Nepal
Vasavada, P.C. (1988). Pathogenic bacteria in milk-A review. Journal Dairy Science, 71: 2816.
Venkatachalapathy, R. T. and Iype. S. (1998). Fat, total solids and solids-not-fat percentage of milk in Vechur cattle. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 68(6):570-573
White, S.L., Bertrand, J.A.. Wade, M.R Washburn, S.P.. Green J.T.J.R and Jenkins. T.C. (2001). Comparison of fatty acids content of milk from Jersey and Holstein cows consuming pasture or a total mixed ration. J. Dairy Sci., 84(10): 2295-3001.
--0--
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
ABC Research Alert is an Open Access journal. Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of their work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal. We require authors to inform us of any instances of re-publication.
